Minimising aerobic respiratory demands could form the basis to sub-lethal copper tolerance by rainbow trout gill epithelial cells in vitro

Mechanisms of Cu tolerance were investigated in respiratory epithelial cell cultures, from rainbow trout gills, by studying O₂ consumption and protein synthesis rates, intracellular Na concentration and TER. The lowest concentration found to reduce O₂ consumption was 25 M Cu. This did not affect either protein synthesis rate or intracellular Na concentration and was interpreted in terms of copper tolerance; i.e., how these two energetically demanding processes are maintained despite a reduction in aerobic ATP supply. The relationship between protein synthesis rate and synthesis cost is exponential and the cost of protein synthesis in gill cells was found to be minimal (i.e., this cell occupies a position on the asymptotic section of the protein synthesis rate/synthesis cost model) and unaffected by 25 M Cu. Thus protein synthesis rates could be maintained since any reduction would represent an insignificant energy saving. Intracellular Na concentrations and O₂ consumption rates were linearly correlated suggesting reducing intracellular maintenance costs would have a greater significance in terms of overall energetic conservation. Intracellular Na maintenance costs, calculated from O₂ consumption rates and intracellular Na concentrations, were found to decline after exposure to 25 M Cu. Since TER was unaffected this implied the reduced costs arose from membrane `channel arrest'. Thus the Na/K ATPase energy demands, associated with maintaining intracellular Na concentration, could be reduced by decoupling metabolic demand and membrane function. Therefore this study may demonstrate how the flexibility of cellular energetics enables gill epithelial cells to tolerate sub-lethal Cu.     

Vertical movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) associated with islands, buoys, and seamounts near the main Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data

To learn more about the movement patterns of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), we deployed archival tags on 87 fish ranging in fork length from 50 to 154 cm. Thirteen fish were recaptured, from which 11 archival tags were returned, representing in aggregate 943 days‐at‐liberty. We successfully retrieved data from 10 tags, representing 474 days in aggregate. The largest fish recaptured was 44.5 kg [131 cm fork length (FL)] and the smallest 2.8 kg (52 cm). The deepest descent recorded was 817 m, the coldest temperature visited 4.7°C, and minimum oxygen level reached ～1 mL L^?1. Fish spent little time at depths where water temperatures were below 7°C and oxygen levels less than ～2 mL L^?1. Five fish were recaptured near the offshore weather buoy where they were tagged. Based on vertical movement patterns, it appeared that all stayed immediately associated with the buoy for up to 34 days. During this time they remained primarily in the uniform temperature surface layer (i.e. above 100 m). In contrast, fish not associated with a floating object showed the W‐shaped vertical movement patterns during the day characteristic of bigeye tuna (i.e. descending to ～300–500 m and then returning regularly to the surface layer). Four fish were tagged and subsequently recaptured near Cross Seamount up to 76 days later. These fish exhibited vertical movement patterns similar to, but less regular than, those of fish not associated with any structure. Bigeye tuna appear to follow the diel vertical movements of the deep sound scattering layer (SSL) organisms and thus to exploit them effectively as a prey resource. Average night‐time depth was correlated with lunar illumination, a behaviour which mimics movements of the SSL.     

光照强度对巴西橡胶树淡绿期叶片光合特性和活性氧代谢的影响

橡胶树种苗培育过程中需要避免强光照射,但光照强度对橡胶树幼苗叶片生理活性的作用机制尚不清楚。以橡胶树品系GT1的实生苗为材料,对植株进行不同光照强度处理,测定其淡绿期叶片在不同光照强度下的光合特性和活性氧代谢情况。结果表明,随着光照强度的增加,橡胶树淡绿期叶片的光化学效率(Fv/Fm)呈现上升规律,同时过氧化物的含量也呈现上升趋势,但是由于抗氧化酶对活性氧清除的作用,1 000μmol/m2·s的高光照强度并没有对橡胶树叶片造成伤害。说明200~400μmol/(m2·s)的光照强度比较适合橡胶树苗淡绿期叶片的生长和发育。     

磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤磷循环中的应用

磷是土壤生态系统中的重要组成元素,开展土壤磷循环研究对提高磷肥利用效率和降低磷的生态环境风险具有重要意义。磷酸盐氧同位素技术已经被证明是一种示踪环境中磷生物地球化学行为的有效方法。本文系统综述了磷酸盐氧同位素技术的研究进展和未来发展方向。详细介绍了磷酸盐氧同位素的技术原理、样品处理和测定方法;阐述了无机磷和有机磷的氧同位素特征及时空分布特征;从评估土壤磷微生物利用状况和示踪土壤磷循环两个方面探讨了磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤磷循环研究中的应用前景,分析了磷来源、环境条件、生物活动和样品前处理过程对土壤磷酸盐氧同位素特征的影响,最后展望了该技术未来的研究方向。以期为磷酸盐氧同位素技术在土壤学和环境科学领域的发展和应用提供新的视角和科学指导。     

光照对香菇菌丝后熟转色过程中活性氧代谢及自噬的影响

为研究光照对香菇菌丝后熟转色过程中活性氧代谢的影响,通过设置自然光照条件与黑暗条件下香菇菌丝后熟转色对比试验,分析其活性氧含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶活性、抗氧化酶活性及自噬的差异。结果表明,自然光照条件下香菇菌丝正常后熟转色,黑暗条件下香菇菌丝不转色。自然光照条件下香菇菌丝活性氧含量、MDA含量、NADPH氧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著高于黑暗条件,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化则与之相反。同时,香菇菌丝细胞自噬的透射电镜分析及实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对自噬基因Atg8的表达水平分析结果表明,在自然光照条件下香菇菌丝细胞的自噬特征明显。本研究结果为优化香菇栽培的环境条件提供了一定的理论依据,也为后续对光照环境下香菇体内氧化平衡的作用机理研究提供了有效参考。     

-stablishment of Debittering Technique in 3oncentrated Orange Juice

[目的]研究脱苦工艺对浓缩橙汁的脱苦效果以及对果汁品质的影响。[方法]试验采用活性炭对浓缩橙汁进行脱苦,以橙汁中的柚皮苷（碱性二甘醇显色法）和柠檬苦素（对-二甲氨基苯甲醛显色法）的含量变化来表征浓缩橙汁的脱苦效果。[结果]通过单因素试验结合感官评定,确定了较适于橙汁的脱苦工艺：脱苦条件为常温20℃,活性炭用量35 g/L浓缩果汁（可溶性固形物含量50．5%）,搅拌时间20 min采用最佳工艺处理,得到的浓缩果汁中柚皮苷和柠檬苦素的脱除率分别为49．5%和73．5%。[结论]脱苦后浓缩橙汁苦味明显变淡,风味自然,口感适中。     

光敏剂对斜纹夜蛾细胞的光活化杀虫活性、单线态氧及稳定性

[目的]提高光敏剂的光稳定性,延长光敏剂在环境中的半衰期。[方法]该研究以典型光敏剂α-三联噻吩为模板,利用生物等排原理,以苯环代替噻吩环,合成了光敏剂2,5-二苯基噻吩和2,5-二乙炔苯基噻吩,并研究了所合成的光敏剂的对斜纹夜蛾细胞的光活化毒力、单线态氧及光稳定性。[结果]光敏剂2,5-二苯基噻吩对斜纹夜蛾细胞的24和48 h的抑制中浓度IC50值分别为0.22和0.16μg/ml,2,5-二乙炔苯基噻吩斜纹夜蛾细胞的24和48 h的抑制中浓度 IC50值分别为0.06和0.04μg/ml;在紫外光照下,光敏剂2,5-二苯基噻吩和2,5-二乙炔苯基噻吩产生的1O2能力分别为1.0475和1.5294μg/mmol;2,5-二苯基噻吩和2,5-二乙炔苯基噻吩在甲醇中降解动力学方程分别为 Ct=5.2271e-0.061t和 Ct=5.0842e-0.0973t,其半衰期分别为111.79和7.12 h。[结论]所合成的光敏剂2,5-二苯基噻吩具有良好的光活化激发产生单线态氧的能力,对斜纹夜蛾SL细胞具有良好的光活化毒杀作用,克服了光活化杀虫剂见光易分解等不足,因此2,5-二苯基噻吩具有开发成光活化杀虫剂的潜力。     

香鳞毛蕨研究进展

该文对香鳞毛蕨的生态分布状况、形态解剖学研究、活性成分及药理作用等研究进展进行综述,为香鳞毛蕨的研究与应用提供了参考和方向。     

西红花抗肿瘤作用的研究进展

癌症明显影响人类的平均寿命和生活质量,而从蔬菜、草药和香料中提取的天然物质可能有助于预防或治疗多种癌症。西红花具有多种活性成分,具有明显的抗肿瘤潜力,民间中医已将其广泛用于治疗很多疾病。该文通过查阅知网、PubMed和SciFinder中相关文献和资料,获得西红花试验数据,并进行归纳总结,着重介绍了西红花及其主要成分,并对国内外大量的体内、体外试验的研究进展进行综述,发现藏红花具有清除自由基和抗肿瘤活性,并在体外和体内模型中均具有明显的抗肿瘤作用。基于当前数据表明,西红花可被视为有潜力的候选临床抗癌药物。     

帽儿山地区10种常见树叶的燃烧性能和热重分析

使用热重分析法对黑龙江省帽儿山地区的10种代表性树种进行热解特性和动力学研究,利用TG-DTG曲线分析了可燃物热解的基本过程,通过热解参数对不同植物可燃物热解特性作定量比较,了解到木质素、半纤维素及纤维素的热解特性和温度、失重量以及失重速率之间的关系,采用分阶段一级反应动力学模型Coats-Redfem法求得相应的热解动力学参数活化能E和频率因子A.结果表明：在氮气气氛下10种树叶的热解均经历水分析出、快速热解、炭化3个主要阶段;计算得出樟子松、黑皮油松具有较好的防火性能,着火温度、活化能分别是：275.17℃、44.188 6 KJ/mol和274.38 ℃、42.864 3 KJ/mol.还利用极限氧指数技术,测得了可燃物的相对极限氧指数值,其数值可以反映可燃物可燃性的高低,得出榆树的氧指数是26.4％,属于难燃;黑皮油松的氧指数是20.2％,接近易燃.